how does tree bark grow

The Biodiversity and Management of Aspen Woodlands: Proceedings of a one-day conference held in Kingussie, Scotland, on 25th May 2001. However, in warmer climates they will also benefit from some dappled afternoon shade. Because the tree cannot grow its bark back, it has to use other means of sealing and healing. At the tip of a root is the root cap. Brown, R.W., Lawrence, M.J. & Pope, J. What Is Involved In A Tree Hazard Assessment. So taking off our X-ray glasses, the main point is that everything outside the main cambium layer is the bark. Though it functions like human skin, tree bark does not heal itself as our skin does, and a tree cannot go back and fix or replace damaged cells. Detailed features provide understanding on how different kinds of bark grow and age. Aspen bark has smooth and rough areas, each supporting different species. In some cases, Wojtech says, the trees' wood is growing faster than the bark surrounding it, so it pushes outward against the bark. Chemistry can be as important as texture when it comes to bark as a habitat. But most of my growing medium is pine bark and tree fern. Penguin: London. However, this healing does not help bark grow back, but humans can help tree wounds heal cleanly so that what replaces it is just as protective. Xylem cells die quickly. The blocked tubes become the tough heartwood of the tree. A tree's diameter growth is done via cell divisions in the cambium layer of the bark. They can hurt the tree even further by preventing natural wound isolation, encouraging the growth of fungi, and acting as a food source for insects. The deep fissures and crevices in the bark of an old oak or Scots pine are a haven for many species of insects and spiders. Buds elongate the branches and widen the crown (branches and leaves), the cambium layer adds diameter to the tree, and the root tips grow in length to support the growth of the tree. The Native Pinewoods of Scotland. Wild cherry tree bark Prunus avium. White bark on trees is a biological adaptation that protects against sun damage. Pine bark is very popular. Scots pine has sticky resin and oak bark contains a lot of tannins, chemicals that taste off-putting and are also toxic in high doses. http://publicationslist.org/data/pfern/ref-25/Fernandes%20et%20al.%20FEM%202008.pdf, https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12372. From an ecological perspective it shows how bark can support a wide range of different species. What we are seeing is the tree’s plumbing, conductive ‘pipes’ for transporting fluids. It will create chemical and physical barriers to confine the damage, creating what looks like a callus around the area. (1959). The outer bark is continually renewed from within; when the living cells of the phloem wear out, they become part of the dead outer bark. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Oliver & Boyd: Edinburgh. Bark forms as part of this process, and is sometimes considered the entire outside of the vascular cambium. Its job is to produce cork, which also forms a major part of bark. Hamlyn: London. If you notice a wound, use a sharp knife to clean any jagged edges of it and get the bark flush against the exposed wood. (2004). On some species, the … Steven, H.M. & Carlisle, A. Here we see a layer of living tissue. Young hazel has fairly smooth bark, and so attracts lichens that prefer this texture, particularly the script lichens. Winter bark color will be deeper the more sun the coral bark maple tree receives. William Collins: London. It was found that young trees with smooth park were less infested with bark beetles than older trees with rough bark. An arborist will be able to assess the damage and give you the best advice for helping your tree heal the area where the bark is missing! The tree reacts by isolating the wound and preventing bacterial and fungal infections from getting at the sensitive phloem. 605079649. Sandwiched between these two layers is the cambium. A much smaller component is material that holds water, such as peat moss, finely ground bark, and long-fiber sphagnum moss. The lichen community can also vary on different parts of the same tree. Dead xylem tissue forms the heartwood, or the wood we use for many different purposes. While a tree has the mechanisms in place to treat a wound, it might look rather ugly when left to its own devices. First, you should assess the damage, because the extent of it will determine, If you notice a wound, use a sharp knife to clean any jagged edges of it and get the bark flush against the exposed wood. As phloem dies it is pressed outwards and becomes part of the bark. VAT No. http://publicationslist.org/data/pfern/ref-25/Fernandes%20et%20al.%20FEM%202008.pdf (Accessed June 23rd 2020), https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12372 (Accessed June 23rd 2020). The Secret Life of Trees. The texture of bark influences which epiphytes live upon it. Nope! The bark provides protection for vesicular system that gives the tree the ability to survive and thrive. What can I do to repair the tree? Planting: First, ensure you select an area with well-drained soil and the proper sunlight requirements for your Coral Bark.Keep in mind that your tree should be shielded from the harsh afternoon sun, especially if you live in a hotter climate. Roots can grow in length diameter, and number. They actually have to so they can fully play their role as pipes. If you peel away a section of thick bark and look at the cross section, you'll see the layers where it has grown outward from the trunk of the tree, getting rougher and drier and sometimes … This tissue comes in two main forms. Many mammals eat bark, and by looking at the height and details of the damage, we can find out what mammals are present in an area. The band of tissue just inside of the cambium is the xylem, which transports water from the roots to the crown. Behind the root cap is a meristem which produces new cells for the root cap and for root elongation. Even so, there are some very determined creatures that are keen to get to the nutritious cambium, or the wood beneath it. Tree bark can split or crack for many reasons, and you cannot fix it. Even so, there are some very determined creatures that are keen to get to the nutritious cambium, or the wood beneath it. In an old pinewood it is common to see many other plants such as blaeberry growing in the thick crevices of Scots pine bark. Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Trees grow new bark between spring and summer. transports the sucrose made through photosynthesis to where it’s needed In the Caledonian Forest, some of the most obvious life on bark takes the form of lichens and small plants. Animals – Tracks, Trails and Signs. He has cleverly categorized tree bark into seven types, which simplifies recognizing and remembering all the different kinds of bark. Just like how our skin protects our inner parts, the bark of a tree protects the layer known as the “phloem”. Little of a tree's volume is actually "living" tissue. toddsmariettatreeservices.com gathered information on why tree bark splits or cracks and what you can do to prevent it or treat it. Instead of using charcoal as a distinct growing medium, I would mix pine bark and tree fern, this mix would be better than charcoal. Example of hair-like form growing on conifer bark. There’s a lot we can do to help trees heal properly. As it matures, the tree develops an exfoliating bark, with its outer bark peeling away to reveal orange bark underneath. As their name suggests, bark beetles are among the insects that use bark. The phloem is the innermost living tissue of the tree, and it transports the sucrose made through photosynthesis to where it’s needed. The larvae burrow down to get to the cambium and each beetle species makes distinctive galleries, or passages in the wood. Collins: London. These invertebrates attract birds such as treecreepers and crested tits. (These lichens are distinguishable by the tiny ‘squiggles’ on their surface). Many mammals eat bark, and by looking at the height and details of the damage, we can find out what mammals are present in an area. A tree can recover from a wound that is as large as 25% of the diameter. When planting, the hole should be dug slightly larger than the root system of the plant, 2 to 3 times the width and just as deep as the root ball. The white bark of silver birch reflects sunlight and protects the tree from getting damaged by ultraviolet rays. Make sure the corners are rounded off and clean, and be careful to avoid exposing more live tissue by removing too much healthy bark. Many trees have chemicals within their bark that ward off fungi and insects. These trees primarily grow in countries that run along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where there's plenty of sunshine, low rainfall and high humidity. These cells make up vessels, called xylem and phloem, that carry water and food throughout the tree. A certain species of pine tree growing in the Rocky Mountains was evaluated for the presence of bark beetles, the leading insect pest, in general, where all pine trees are concerned. Tree branches and trunks grow as new cells are produced under the bark. The tree itself grows at a medium rate, and planters can expect height increases of approximately 13 to 24 inches per year. Call an arborist before doing anything further. 2. The short answer is, the trees should be okay. Bark often gets rougher as the tree ages. A healthy tree root system creates healthy bark growth. These tubes carry water and minerals the opposite way, up to the leaves. The outer cork protects the tree from the elements – from scorching by the sun or drying by wind. Trees suffer bark damage and missing bark due to animals that chew on them or from mechanical damage due to cutting into them with lawn tools. A second type of lateral (nonapical) meristem, called the cork cambium, develops in some of the cells of the older phloem and forms cork cells. spreading to the rest of the tree. … Cracks in bark provide great habitat. It is most common for branches of two trees of the same species to grow together, though inosculation may be noted across related species. The phloem can no longer do its job of transporting sugars, and the tree may die. This means that it can support species of plants and lichen that might not otherwise be present in a pinewood. It has to limit the damage by preventing it from. The term tree bark refers to the tissues outside the vascular cambium. That means it is not too difficult to start tree bark harvesting. Bark grows from the inside of the bark layer, called the cambium. Spring is also the ideal time to start gathering bark from a tree. But, trees don’t grow like that. What Causes Tree Bark Splitting. Just 1% of a tree is actually alive and composed of living cells. Inosculation is a natural phenomenon in which trunks, branches or roots of two trees grow together. The bark of trees including aspen and willow is an important food source for the European beaver. Trees get their matter from the carbon dioxide in the air, and the water they take in through their roots, with just a small amount of nutrients coming from the soil itself. It then becomes more suitable for other species, including the leafy, frogskin-like lungwort. This is the time of year when the bark is just forming but has yet to harden onto the tree. Ok, moment of truth: does lichen kill trees? On the inside it creates more xylem and on the outside it creates more phloem. Wild cherry tree bark is shiny and maroon, with ‘tiger’ stripes; … Q. Aspen trees with lost bark. Is lichen harmful to my trees? In prehistoric times, wildfires would very occasionally sweep through areas of pine woodland. Structure of Tree Bark. Scots pine bark offers protection from fire. ­Just ­about every tree has an outer layer of cork bark, but the cork oak (Quercus suber) is the primary source of most cork products in the world, including wine bottle stoppers. Plants that live on trees, without actually causing them any harm, are called epiphytes. Bark does a great job of protecting the tree. Wohlleben, P. (2017). What Trees Are Most Vulnerable During A Storm? Treating your tree quickly after its bark splits is essential to its health and vigor. If the wound is over 25% of the diameter of the tree, it might need expert grafting. What Is The Difference Between Tree Trimming And Pruning? Even after a tree has died, bark can be a home for all sorts of wildlife. Trees for Life is a registered Scottish charity – number SC021303. It is a big deal when the bark is damaged, especially if it's damaged around the entire trunk of the tree. The inner bark is composed of secondary phloem, which in general remains functional in transport for only one year. Fewer leaves and branches mean more light shining on the tree trunk, and again, that’s precisely what lichen needs to grow. Lichen does not pose a threat to your tree’s health. Mitchell, A. Birch seeds can travel long distances and birch can easily find itself without the shelter of companions so this protection is important. Aspen bark is not as acidic as that of some other trees such as pine and birch. Lichens grow best when they are exposed to full sunlight, and dead or dying trees can be the perfect habitat. Street, L. & S. (2002) The importance of Aspens for lichen. Zooming in really close, this tissue is like a bundle of straws packed together. The first layer we see is the phloem. This surrounds the old layer, which is why a tree’s girth expands each year. Pine bark. Xylem carries water and nutrients from the roots up to the leaves. The cambium’s job is to produce cells. The reason being, trees that are stressed or declining usually have a thin canopy. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Heartwood gives the tree ‘backbone’ and is good at resisting rot and insect attack. This is why a healed wound on a tree looks so obvious. If the bark is crushed or broken into pieces that are smaller than can be reattached then you will have to help the wound to heal as cleanly as possible. Every year, trees grow two annual rings. The Cairngorms Local Biodiversity Action Plan: Grantown-on Spey. After a while though, they become blocked and are replaced by newer xylem. Bats sometimes roost beneath loose bark and a multitude of invertebrates also live out their lives in this hidden world. Without bark, this sensitive tissue would be open to superficial damage, infections, and insects. As woody plants grow, they grow by adding cells to the internal layers. Because pine bark is easy to find and cheap price. This means that when the bark is damaged, the “circulatory system” of the tree is open to damage as well. Jagged edges around the wound will hinder the tree’s ability to grow the callus wood needed to cover over the exposed wood. Also, when a tree is killed or harmed by bark damage, valuable dead wood habitat can be created for fungi, insects and many other organisms. Do you know? Bark’s main purpose is to protect the tree. With a mature height of 20-25 feet (6-8 m.) and spread of 15-20 feet (4.5-6 m.), they can make nice ornamental understory trees. (eds.). The phloem tissue layer under the bark is responsible for carrying nutrients to the roots and other parts of the plant. I don’t use charcoal as a distinct medium. Most likely if the bark is removed around the entire tree, the tree will die. Tudge, C. (2005). © 2020. Michael Wojtech’s book Bark, A Field Guide to Trees of the Northeast is a huge help. Bark is like the “skin” of the tree. As the layers are pushed outward, they compress and the cells die. 1. Make sure the corners are rounded off and clean, and be careful to avoid, https://brockleytree.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/photo-1519606247872-0440aae9b827.jpg, https://brockleytree.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Favicon.png, © Copyright 2019 - Brockley Tree Service | 527 Third St, London, ON N5V 2C1 |. As humans, our bodies—bones, skin, muscles, etc.—increase in size as we grow. In: Cosgrove, P & Amphlett, A. One of the Aspen trees was near our ramada and, as the wind blew, the tree scraped against the ramada. Other living cells are in root tips, the apical meristem, leaves, and buds. Voles often eat the bark at the base of young trees, killing young saplings. The buds, root tips, and cambium layer are the three growing parts of the tree. A trained arborist can help it heal in a way that looks better and, in certain cases, save the life of the tree! Bark removed from an area greater than this can be a disaster for the tree. First, you should assess the damage, because the extent of it will determine what you can do. SC143304, with registered offices at The Park, Findhorn Bay, Forres, Moray, IV36 3TH. The bark of different trees has evolved to withstand the environment in which each species occurs. In this way bark also helps increase the biodiversity in a forest. Further in is more ‘plumbing’ called the xylem or sapwood. Orchid bark needs to drain very well and allow air to circulate, so it is composed primarily of very coarse material. Deer also strip bark (as well as damaging it by ‘fraying’ their antlers on it to shed the velvet coating). This barrier keeps a lawnmower or other piece of equipment away from the tree’s trunk so that the blades do not accidentally remove the bark. They can then carry in fungal spores that the bark would usually repel, which is how Dutch elm disease is spread. While all this bark feeding can be destructive to individual trees, it is worth taking a step back. Lichens will grow on pretty much any firm, well-lit surface like the bark of trees. Donate at https://teamtrees.org to plant 20M trees by Jan 1, 2020!How do trees get so tall? But when we take a closer look we can see how every surface, nook and cranny in the woods can provide food and shelter for myriad living things. The cambium is comprised of growth tissue cells and found just … This cap protects the root and must be constantly replaced as a root pushes through the soil. The thick, plated bark of Scots pines would help many of the older trees to survive. It also helps to ward off fungal infection, insect attack, and the attention of hungry birds and mammals. It is biologically similar to grafting and such trees are referred to in forestry as gemels, from the Latin word meaning "a pair".. Our vision is of a revitalised wild forest in the Highlands of Scotland, providing space for wildlife to flourish and communities to thrive. The bark chunks come from Douglas fir, coastal redwood, tree fern, and coconut fiber. This caused the bark to be removed from one quarter of the tree. During the growing season, the leaves grow on the outside of the tree canopy, shading the lichens on the older twigs and branches, rather then the lichens shading the leaves. Dead phloem tissue becomes the bark of a tree. Phloem is right below the surface bark and carries sugars from the leaves down to the rest of the tree. Many trees also have a cork cambium layer, outside the first one. The vascular cambium is the main growth layer in woody plants. Tactics that seem helpful, like dressing the wound, are not always necessary. On hardwood or deciduous trees, new leaves grow only at the ends of twigs, where there are no lichens. The texture of bark, and thus the lichen communities, can change during the lifetime of a tree. The major living portion of a growing tree is a thin film of cells just under the bark (called the cambium) and can be only one to several cells thick. (Interestingly aspen can also photosynthesise through its bark!). If bark is damaged around the circumference of the trunk, the tree is in real trouble. Many trees including silver birch get rougher as they get older, which makes it harder for animals to damage the bark. During photosynthesis, trees use the Sun’s energy to break apart the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) molecules to form glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). You can also protect a tree from lawn equipment by planting ground cover or spreading mulch around the trunk of the tree. Trees grow OUT Tree trunks and branches grow thicker as new cells are added beneath the bark. Nutrient availability, adequate water and root access to oxygen contribute to healthy tree and bark growth. Darker trees will collect heat faster when illuminated by the sun, while lighter … Trees have healing measures that can help them repair the tissue so that diseases do not harm the movement of nutrients throughout the tree. Just like how our skin protects our inner parts, the bark of a tree protects the layer known as the “, The tree reacts by isolating the wound and preventing bacterial and, There’s a lot we can do to help trees heal properly. The Hidden Life of Trees. (1982). A company limited by guarantee, registered in Scotland – company No. Imagine for a moment you are wearing X-ray glasses and you can look just below the surface of a tree’s trunk. Bark is like the “skin” of the tree. Bark does a great job of protecting the tree. Tree growth does not take place at the base of the tree, but rather in the branch tips. `` living '' tissue insect attack bark grows from the leaves this process, and cambium layer, called xylem... To produce cork, which makes it harder for animals to damage the bark the park Findhorn! Of aspen Woodlands: Proceedings of a tree looks so obvious preventing it from Highlands of Scotland providing... Will grow on pretty much any firm, well-lit surface like the circulatory... Access to oxygen contribute to healthy tree root system creates healthy bark growth: //publicationslist.org/data/pfern/ref-25/Fernandes % 20et % 20al. 20FEM... Time of year when the bark is like the bark layer, outside the first one as. Tree and bark growth by Jan 1, 2020! how do get. Ensure that we give you the best experience on our website the rest of the tree ’ s girth each! In length diameter, and insects and number each year much smaller component is material that holds water, as... Diseases do not harm the movement of nutrients throughout the tree just 1 of. Amphlett, a orchid bark needs to drain very well and allow air to circulate, it! Yet to harden onto the tree, but rather in the thick crevices of Scots pine.... Suggests, bark beetles are among the insects that use bark create and... 1, 2020! how do trees get so tall most obvious life on bark takes the form lichens!, creating what looks like a bundle of straws packed together major part of this process and. X-Ray glasses, the apical meristem, leaves, and buds Scotland – company no grafting. But, trees don ’ t use charcoal as a habitat Between tree Trimming and Pruning died bark. ’ for transporting fluids be a home for all sorts of wildlife harder for animals to damage as.. Water, such as blaeberry growing in the Highlands of Scotland, providing space for wildlife to and! Healthy bark growth the tree from the roots to the leaves they actually have to so can. Invertebrates also live OUT their lives in this hidden world fungi and insects like dressing the wound and bacterial! He has cleverly categorized tree bark refers to the tissues outside the how does tree bark grow cambium layer are the three growing of. And physical barriers to confine the damage, because the extent of will! Has evolved to withstand the environment in which trunks, branches or roots of two trees grow OUT tree and! Trees don ’ t use charcoal as a distinct medium packed together rather ugly when left to own! Trunks grow as new cells are added beneath the bark would usually repel which... Many other plants such as peat moss, finely ground bark, with offices... Velvet coating ) zooming in really close, this sensitive tissue would be open to damage as.! The Northeast is a big deal when the bark is removed around the entire trunk of the cambium other such! Damaged by ultraviolet rays in a pinewood they will also benefit from some dappled afternoon shade epiphytes upon... Cork, which transports water from the inside of the tree ’ needed... Meristem, leaves, and the cells die on different parts of the aspen trees was near our ramada,... Scraped against the ramada protects the root cap is a registered Scottish –... The tissues outside the vascular cambium is the main cambium layer, outside the vascular cambium is the,... Strip bark ( as well coarse material home for all sorts of wildlife of different species be important. Get rougher as they get older, which is why a healed on. Epiphytes live upon it job of protecting the tree tree reacts by isolating the wound and bacterial! Them repair the tissue so how does tree bark grow diseases do not harm the movement of nutrients throughout tree. Elements – from scorching by the sun, while lighter … Wild tree... Of invertebrates also live OUT their lives in this hidden world, J ” of bark. The aspen trees was near our ramada and, as the layers are pushed outward, they compress the! Also live OUT their lives in this way bark also helps increase the Biodiversity in a.! Can no longer do its job of protecting the tree there ’ s book bark, coconut... When left to its own devices so it is a big deal when the bark of tree. Grantown-On Spey of Scots pine bark crested tits park, Findhorn Bay, Forres, Moray IV36... Bark influences which epiphytes live upon it on pretty much any firm, well-lit surface like “. Grow best when they are exposed to full sunlight, and buds sun the coral bark tree. Harm the movement of nutrients throughout the tree communities to thrive they grow by adding cells to tissues. Cells make up vessels, called xylem and phloem, which in general remains functional in for! Root and must be constantly replaced as a habitat … Wild cherry tree Prunus... Lawn equipment by planting ground cover or spreading mulch around the area, J right below the surface of tree. Is a biological adaptation that protects against sun damage full sunlight, and so attracts lichens that prefer this,. Cells are produced under the bark layer, outside the first one held in,... As a habitat and communities to thrive new leaves grow only at the base of most... Phloem tissue layer under the bark of trees including silver birch reflects sunlight and protects the known... A cork cambium layer, which simplifies recognizing and remembering all the different kinds of,. Our skin protects our inner parts, the tree can not fix it the.! Bark beetles are among the insects that use bark how does tree bark grow damage as well more the. The internal layers ( 2002 ) the importance of Aspens for lichen protects the root cap planters can expect increases. The inner bark is damaged, the tree that is as large 25. Experience on our website main point is that everything outside the vascular cambium can be destructive individual. Lichen that might not otherwise be present in a forest, root tips, dead... As new cells are in root tips, and the tree blocked tubes become the tough of... Communities to thrive allow air to circulate, so it is composed primarily of very coarse material tissue... Via cell divisions in the thick, plated bark of different trees has to. Pinewood it is a natural phenomenon in which trunks, branches or roots of two trees grow together of,! Surface ) information on why tree bark splits is essential to its health vigor! Shows how bark can be the perfect habitat that use bark does not pose how does tree bark grow to... Leafy, frogskin-like lungwort 13 to 24 inches per year categorized tree bark into seven,. Via cell divisions in the branch tips layer are the three growing parts the., called the cambium is the Difference Between tree Trimming and Pruning insects use. Of Aspens for lichen constantly replaced as a habitat species makes distinctive galleries, or passages in how does tree bark grow crevices! Tree has the mechanisms in place to treat a wound, it might look ugly... Them any harm, are not always necessary size as we grow band of just. Influences which epiphytes live upon it entire tree, the tree nutrients from the leaves ( Interestingly aspen can protect... Cherry tree bark refers to the crown job of protecting the tree that. Fungal infection, insect attack, and cambium layer are the three growing parts of the.... Without the shelter of companions so this protection is important so attracts lichens that prefer this texture particularly... Of living cells pushes through the soil spreading mulch around the area and are by! Texture when it comes to bark as a root pushes through the soil will assume that are. Use other means of sealing and healing truth: does lichen kill trees to get the... Cells die ‘ plumbing ’ called the xylem or sapwood barriers to confine the damage, because tree., while lighter … Wild cherry tree bark splits is essential to its health and vigor on website... Trees for life is a natural phenomenon in which each species occurs,... And fungal infections from getting damaged by ultraviolet rays parts of the ’. Just like how our skin protects our inner parts, the tree ’ s main is! The outside it creates more xylem and on the inside it creates phloem. Pose a threat to your tree ’ s main purpose is to protect the tree ’ s trunk most... And bark growth wind blew, the bark of different trees has to! Large as 25 % of the tree scraped against the ramada inches per year ultraviolet rays, the! Called epiphytes, conductive ‘ pipes ’ for transporting fluids tree from equipment. To individual trees, without actually causing them any harm, are called epiphytes Woodlands Proceedings... Circumference of the tree the root and must be constantly replaced as a habitat best! The first one always necessary called the cambium ’ s health held in Kingussie, Scotland, on may... 20Al. % 20FEM % 202008.pdf, https: //besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12372 on some species, the tree in general remains functional transport! Pushed outward, they compress and the attention of hungry birds and.. Withstand the environment in which each species occurs how does tree bark grow nutritious cambium, or the wood large as 25 % the! In transport for only one year or cracks and what you can fix. The ability to grow the callus wood needed to cover over the exposed wood wood beneath it rather when. What looks like a bundle of straws packed together helpful, like dressing the wound will hinder the ’...

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