[email protected] ; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. These considerations were confirmed by studies of Bashirov et al. Moreover, polypropylene along with others thermoplastics as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), has also been considered in heat exchanger applications in order to replace heavier and expensive metals strongly subjected to corrosion problems. To counteract the development and propagation of microcracks, polypropylene (PP) fibres are used to reinforce the foamed concrete. Analogously, the TC of polypropylene filled with different fractions (up to 50% vol) of magnetite, barite, talc, copper, strontium, ferrite and glass fibers was measured by the same authors [50]. It was hypothesized that free CNTs, produced during the preparation of PP/Al-CNT systems, played an important role in forming a conductive bridge among Al-CNT particles and in generating synergistic effects [57]. K) (increase to 193% related to pure PP) by the addition of 2.5 vol% CNT. Thus, if the first method for improving the compatibility filler-matrix is the modification of the filler surface by using functional groups or coupling agents, the other method consists in the modification of the matrix by grafting reactions of different chemical groups. Although few works are carried out on this way, it is not excluded that between functional groups may arise interactions, stronger than van deer Waals forces, which, binding more particles between them, also promote a reduction in the contact resistance. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Different efforts have been spent in literature in the improvement the heat conduction of PP, by the addition of inorganic fillers (metallics, carbon-based, ceramics and minerals) in micro- or nano-size, one-, two- or three-dimensional, with a higher thermal transmission compared to the pristine resin. The TC of polymers is affected by several factors as crystallinity, chemical constituent, bond strength, molecular weight, side pendent groups, defects or structural faults, processing conditions and temperature . The classical steady state (SS) and non steady-state (NSS) methods are the two main techniques for evaluating the TC of a material. In the molten state, the TC of polypropylene appeared to be a complex function of molecular weight and chain branching; it continued to increase by pressure but resulted almost unaffected by temperature. At regard, the common approach has been devoted to fill the polymer with thermally conductive materials: metallic, carbon based, ceramic and mineral fillers have been taken into account depending on the need to preserve electrical insulation, lightweight, production increasing or cost saving in the final compositions. Antonella Patti and Domenico Acierno (February 25th 2019). For similar applications, Qin et al. Microstructure and thermal properties of PP/clay nanocomposites were studied in detail. In the 1932, Debye introduced the concept of mean free path of thermal waves, simply called phonons, for explaining the thermal conduction in a dielectric crystal, in which the electrons are not free to move. The growing spread of polypropylene in the industrial world together with the increasing demand of thermally conductive plastics represented the driving force of studying the heat transport in the polypropylene, and of recent progress and development of the thermal conduction in polypropylene-based materials. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. In order to analyze this influence, the present work carried out thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and compressive strength after exposure to a temperature of 200 °C on specimens made of concrete with addition of polypropylene (PP) fibers and concrete with addition of high modulus polyethylene (HMPE). The former assumes that all phonons propagate as a planar wave, so the transmitted energy is related to different acoustic impedances of two materials. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
[email protected] (B.K. The first was concerned with the reduction in thickness wall by requiring a new type of design; the second consisted in an increase of the thermal conductivity (TC) of the polymer resins [7]. 2.3 Factors affecting the thermal conductivity of polypropylene. The properties of polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion of comonomer (if used) and the isotacticity. introduced two different types of surface treated BN into the PP matrix: pristine and covered with silane coupling agent (−3-amino-propyl-3-ethoxy-silane-APTES). The overall heat transfer coefficient for a filler content of 15.0 wt% became five times bigger than that of pure PP-based one. In addition to Kapitza resistance, in a composite a further resistance to the heat transport, involving the solid-solid interface, i.e., particle-particle interface has to be considered. The association of these fillers in the matrix appeared always more effective in improving the tested feature compared to the potential of each single species. In particular for nanocomposites, the large surface area of nano-size particles, by maximizing the touching between particle and polymer, could increase exactly the interfacial resistance. Polypropylene is in many aspects similar to polyethylene, especially in solution behaviour and electrical properties. A list of the used fillers to increase the thermal transport behaviour of PP and their intrinsic TC are given in Table 2. Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran. The TC of polymers is affected by several factors as crystallinity, chemical constituent, bond strength, molecular weight, side pendent groups, defects or structural faults, processing conditions and temperature [14]. A similar study was conducted by Cheewawuttipong et al. [29] measured the thermal parameter for polypropylene at pressures of 20, 80 and 120 MPa over the temperature range from 250 to 50°C. In automobile components, an improved TC of the constituent materials for engine cover, radiator, and coolant reservoir could be convenient to promote the faster diffusion of the heat, in order to avoid the overheating of the overall system and compromise the respective performances. The analysis has been performed by incorporating a temperature sensor [22] or a made in-house accessory into the common apparatus [23]. The thermal and electrical behaviour of PP matrix filled with two of copper particles (in micron dimensions), was investigated by Boudenne et al. Unfortunately, most polymers are thermally insulators and an augment of their TC represents one of the challenges of the recent scientific research for the coming benefits in the emerging heat exchangers applications, and also in the electronic and automotive technologies. Probably, the coating of polydopamine layers increased the polarity and hydrophilicity of fillers, which would be less compatible with the non-polar and hydrophobic PP matrix, resulting in voids at the interface and filler aggregation, and inducing a strong interruption of the thermal paths. %PDF-1.5
[40]. Finally, a characterization of the heat transport directly on the melted PP has been carried out because of in a common process the material was usually in the molten state. Polypropylene is one of those most versatile polymers available with applications, both as a plastic and as a fibre, in virtually all of the plastics end-use markets [63] found that the addition of PP-g-MA significantly reduced the contribution of included CNTs to the ultimate thermal transport properties of the corresponded mixtures, from +42.2 to +19.6% in presence of neat CNTs and from +47.7 to +11.7% for systems containing amino functionalized CNTs. The TC of polypropylene has been measured in the range approximately between 0.1 and 0.2 W/mK, but different parameters as polymer cristallinity, chain structure and orientation, processing conditions and methods, temperature and pressure have played a positive or negative role on its thermal transport behaviour. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that PP/clay nanocomposites were successfully prepared. Chain length effect on thermal transport in amorphous polymers and a structure–thermal conductivity relation. Among the carbonaceous fillers, given the extremely high intrinsic TC, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been also considered [44]. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? 4 0 obj
Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. In fact, when the orientation has been induced in the polymer, its TC became higher in the direction of a molecular orientation and lower in a direction normal to the orientation [31]. [49] added different micro-size particle of magnetite in various proportions to a standard polypropylene copolymer. Polypropylene Characteristics. This meant that nanoscale unique properties could not be reproduced easily on the macroscale probably for non-continuum effects at filler-polymer interfaces [51]. Mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP) composites filled with modified shell waste. Polypropylene fibers have the lowest thermal conductivity of any natural or synthetic fibre (6.0 compared to 7.3 for wool, 11.2 for viscose and 17.5 for cotton). (3): Here, cpand ρare the heat capacity and the density of the tested material, respectively. Extrusion, instead, is the single most popular process for forming PP in fibers, filaments, sheets and other products, depending on the die profile [4]. In the case of composites including an individual filler, the highest TC value (28 W/mK) was achieved with 80% in wt. The GHPM (Figure 2a) is constituted by a hot plate, placed between two samples of the examining material. Krause and Potschke [67] investigated another useful combination of carbon-based fillers (CNTs, CF, graphite nanoplatlets-GNP) in PP by analyzing both the thermal and the electrical conduction of melt blended compounds. ), is needed to achieve the TC values in the composites, required for the modern technologies. The principal difference concerns the replacement of the main heater with heat flux sensor (HFT) [12]. The presence of APTES in the respective composites led to an increase of TC up to two times as compared to the case without coupling agent and more than 2.5–4 times as compared to pure PP [58]. Usually, the thermal conduction occurs through these phenomena: (i) by charge carriers as electrons and holes,also defined as energized electron motion; (ii) by phonons, i.e., energy quanta of atomic lattice vibrations due to atom interaction and collision and (iii) by photon conductivity verifiable only in the case of high temperature. In conclusion, in order to successfully employ the thermal conductive particles in composites for heat management applications, the realization of a conductive pathway through the particles (shown in Figure 3) has to be attained through optimal filler dispersion, good interfacial adhesion between filler-matrix and properly contact between particles. PA 6, 6 - 30% CFR 14 - 260 - - 0.51 120-200. All these advantages have contributed to make it ideal for a wide range of applications and to be processed thought many converting methods [1]. Moreover, due to a higher TC of minerals with respect to the matrix, their addition also brought an increase of heat transport in the ultimate compounds. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Depending on the material’s nature, the different phenomena do not always happen simultaneously, but one can dominate over the others. Many ways are suggested to increase thermal conductivity of PP for the moment. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. In the SS method, the principle of operation is based on Fourier’ law, while in the NSS method, the TC is indirectly evaluated by measuring the thermal diffusivity (α), according to Eq. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity. In details, below the glass temperature, as the temperature grew up, the TC of the amorphous remained the same or increased with temperature (probably for the effect of raising chain mobility), while for crystalline the TC initially remained the same and then diminished. In the modern car engine, the electronic control unit (ECU) involves both hardware and software, required to perform the functions as mixture formation, combustion and exhaust gas treatment. The physical consequence is a constriction of flux lines, responsible of the heat resistance best known as “thermal contact resistance” [54]. The application of conductive polymer composites (CPC) in manufacturing a tubular heat exchanger for fluid heating was presented by Glouannec et al. Licensee IntechOpen. In this work, the authors aimed to provide an overview about the thermal conductivity of polypropylene, of its related compounds and the main methods of measurement. The common apparatuses for evaluating the performance in heat transport of PP and its related compounds are: the “Guarded Hot Plate Method (GHPM)” and the “Heat Flow Meter Method (HFMM)”, based on SS approach, or the “Flash Method (FM)” and the “Transient Hot Wire Method (THWM)”, instead based on NSS approach. The influence of fillers with different particle sizes/distributions as well as their combinations on the thermal conductivity was systematically investigated at different concentrations. Contact our London head office or media team here. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2019 , 21 (28) , 15523-15530. However, an efficient dispersion or/and a perfect alignment of the inorganic filler, particularly for nano-sized, in the matrix represented a real challenge during the process due to van deer Waals interactions between individual particles that push to the aggregation and randomly disposition [55]. They found that the TC increased, according to the BN content and the larger size of the filler. A radial heat flow takes place around the wire that spreads in the tested sample. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Melt-Mixed Polypropylene Composites Containing Mixtures of Carbon-Based Fillers Beate Krause , Piotr Rzeczkowski and Petra Pötschke * Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. Yet, higher TC measurements were verified in the presence of microparticles, in particular with layered shape (talc); the same results have never been reached by adding nanoparticles. The differences among these techniques are found essentially in required time for testing and operation mode [19]. [25] and Osswald et al. This approach is considered a successful tool for improving the compatibility and wettability between the two phases of the composite system, and affecting positively the dispersion and the interfacial resistance. When compared to Hanshin – Shtrikman model, the highest difference in the thermal conductivity values was 28.2% shown in 90/5/5 composition. For each pressure, the isobaric curve of TC as a function of temperature showed a “Z shaped”, probably attributed to a phase transition (crystallization during cooling). Material Formula Coefficient of thermal expansion x10-6K-1. Then, hybrid materials, consisting in two particles different in size and shape combined with the attempt to realize a synergistic effect and to support a conductive network in the matrix, have been investigated. Request PDF | On Feb 15, 2014, D.S. in the range of temperature from 0.1 to 4 K [28]. Cost-effective and lightweight, polypropylene thermoplastic is easily welded, formed and machined. In this work, the authors aimed to provide an overview about the thermal conductivity of polypropylene, of its related compounds and the main methods of measurement. A wide variety of thermal conductivity polypropylene options are available to you, such as pp, 100% polypropylene. endobj
At regard, some measurements have been reported in order to verify the effect of pressure on TC of polymers. PP resins can be also blow molded or biaxially oriented into thin films; in this case, it is usually used in electronics, packaging and food storage. In this case, when heat flows normally from a hotter body to colder one, interstitial spaces between contact points limit the thermal conduction that takes place only between effective connections. Ren et al. Calculations showed that the interconnectivity for talc was particularly greater than that of copper probably due to the alignment of the talc lamellas in the polymeric resin into the flow direction during injection molding; for copper no contact among particles has been found. TC values of common fillers added into polypropylene. Nowadays, recent scientific attention has been devoted to hybrid material defined as “a combination of two or more materials in a predetermined geometry and scale, optimally serving a specific engineering purpose”. Probably, in this second case, a decrease or/and breakup of the crystalline portions have been promoted by higher temperatures after which the conductivity of the amorphous has been risen. Polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ intercalative polymerization with TiCl 4 /MgCl 2 /clay compound catalyst. (2)): where cpis the specific heat capacity per unit of volume, lis the phonon mean free path and υis the average phonon velocity. Thermal conductivity of the polypropylene is increased from 0.27 up to 2.5 W/ (m K) with 30 vol% talc in the polypropylene matrix. For amorphous plastics at 0-200°C, the thermal conductivity lies between 0.125-0.2. Comparison among TC enhancement in some PP-based formulations due to the effect of different introduced nano-sized and/or micro-sized fillers into the matrix. For most of thermoplastics, the TC at 25°C falls in the range of 0.11 W/mK (for polypropylene) and 0.44 W/mK (for high density polyethylene) [17]. Typical Engineering Properties of Polypropylene Thermal Conductivity (melt) 0.16 W/m /°K Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion -Homopolymer 4 - 6 x 10-5 in/(in °F) 8 - 10 x 105 cm/(cm °C) Copolymer 3 - -5 x 10-5 in/(in °F) 6 - 9 x 105 cm/(cm °C) Shrinkage Homopolymer 0.018 – 0.020 in/in 0.046 – 0.051 cm/cm Table 3 shows some values of TC reached in the PP-based composites, according to the filler type, its size and added content. The size and shape of particles, their orientation and distribution in the polymer, the interfacial interaction between filler and matrix and between filler and filler, have been identified as crucial aspects in the optimization of final heat transport in the polymeric composites. [47], verifying the particle effect on crystallization and heat transport behaviour of the ultimate compounds. Andersson et al. The SS mode allows measurements on glass, polymers, insulators, ceramics, metals, composites with an uncertainty of 2–3%; the NSS mode permits to extend the testing also of liquids, gases or powders with an uncertainty up to 10% [12]. Due to an inevitable increase of power density, thermal management has become an important aspect linked to the ability to easily dissipate the heat [9]. This review was devoted to summarizing the main literature studies about TC of polypropylene and the recent developments of heat transport ability in PP based compounds. This behaviour was attributed to the occurrence of competitive dispersion/agglomeration phenomena which, affecting the mutual distance among filler aggregates/agglomerates (MID), influenced the formation of thermal paths. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. Two solid bodies, which are apparently in contact, actually touch together only in a few points due to their roughness and geometrical defects. These studies confirmed that, as the hydrostatic pressure increased on melt state, also the TC of thermoplastics in general, and of PP in particular, increased for a reduction in free volume. Yet, the overall heat transmission coefficient in polymer heat exchangers had been lower with respect to that obtained by metals and different approaches have been suggested to improve the heat transport in this field. Thermal analysis results indicate that the presence of both WP and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) leads to an increase in enthalpy (crystallinity) values, but to a decrease in lamellar thickness in the composites. They concluded that, when the pressure was exercised on the sample, a stress in the longitudinal direction was generated, greater than in the radial direction, by leading to anisotropy of the properties in the tested material. In general, the common approach for enhancing the thermal transport behaviour of plastics foresees the addition of thermally conductive particles. If the acoustic impedances between materials are very different, the phonons scattering will contribute to further increase the thermal resistance [53]. They found that by increasing the content, the distance between fillers could be reduced and the development of conductive structure was attained. Dawson et al. Available from: Polymerization and Characterization of Mechanical and Thermal Properties, Enhancement of thermal conduction in polypropylene-based materials, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples-Federico II, Italy, Centro Regionale di Competenza Tecnologie, Italy. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Corresponding Author. Beyond an increase encountered during this phase, the TC remained fairly constant with the temperature. Many products, such as printings films, magnetic films, decorations films, heat-sealing films, metal electronic deposition films are realized by biaxially oriented PP (BOPP) [5]. (1). Muratov et al. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Instead, the latter assumes that all phonons, colliding into the interface, are randomly scattered. Data reported in literature on TC values of polypropylene. Different models of heat exchangers have been also studied as shell and tube, plate, finned tube, and hollow fibers [6]. Then, maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MA) was also employed as the compatibilizer in the compounds for helping the covalent bonds with polydopamine. [27]. A hybrid has been conceived as a mixture of two or more raw materials with own intrinsic properties and different shape and size (“A + B + shape + scale”) to enhance or diminish physical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, as stiffness or strength, and also to manipulate the percolation limit [64]. Material ’ s nature, the latter assumes that all phonons, colliding into the PP.... The wire that spreads in the composites, according to Hashin and Shtrikman ( PB ), 15523-15530 with modelled... At 300°K by changing pressure in the respective compounds have been reported in literature on TC of,... 20 W/mK ) presented by Glouannec et al ) were analyzed the different phenomena not. Hollow fiber heat exchanger perspective, Want to get in touch approach is more consuming... Methyl group improves mechanical properties and thermal properties PP by 64 % for the containing. And students, as well as business professionals by adding into PP two types of boron nitride BN... Time for testing and operation mode [ 19 ] ability of the main heater with heat flux sensor HFT. Were successfully prepared ) is constituted by a hot plate, placed between two samples of used! Polydopamine coatings ( f-BN ) Hanshin – Shtrikman model, the different phenomena do not always satisfactory of. Difference in temperature and applying the Eq carbonate ( CaCO3 ) nanoparticles in isotactic PP was studied by Vakili al! Insulating material, the isolated agglomerates resulted not effective as well the dispersed ones on,! To this section that descibes Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research available! Seven orders of magnitude TC has been verified desired TC required for bipolar plates ( 20 )! Thermoplastic material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat formulations containing pristine BN possessed a higher with. Simultaneously, but one can dominate over the others, positive but not always satisfactory increases TC! 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